List of Service Models
Trash to cash
With the model trash to cash, the state recycles certain wastes and generates income from them. The better the technical possibilities of the circular economy become, the more opportunities there will be for the state to apply this model.
Waste heat and energy in Berlin
Germany
The waste-to-energy plant in Ruhleben incinerates around half of all the waste collected in Berlin, though this is only non-recyclable residual waste. The heat generated during incineration is fed into Berlin’s energy and district heating system. Through this approach, waste recycling can supply energy for around 5% of Berlin’s households. In addition to the electricity that is generated, recyclable materials can also be recovered.
20.02.2025
Tax-financed service
The classic model is the tax-financed service. In this model, the administration is solely responsible for providing the service and gives it to citizens free of charge. Such service can fall into one of two sub-areas of the state: a) services that involve state power and (can) interfere with the freedom of the individual, orb) services provided by the state to residents and/or businesses within its sphere of influence. This ser-vice model is particularly suitable for those public goods for which individual nationals cannot or should not be excluded from consumption.
Primary education
Mexico
The first nine years of school are considered elementary school in Mexico and offered free of charge by the state. Financing comes largely from taxpayer money, and the schools are mostly state-run. The state creates the value through its own organizations, choosing this service model because elementary school is a fundamental good that should not be denied to anyone based on economic reasons.
20.02.2025
Tax-financed service
The classic model is the tax-financed service. In this model, the administration is solely responsible for providing the service and gives it to citizens free of charge. Such service can fall into one of two sub-areas of the state: a) services that involve state power and (can) interfere with the freedom of the individual, orb) services provided by the state to residents and/or businesses within its sphere of influence. This ser-vice model is particularly suitable for those public goods for which individual nationals cannot or should not be excluded from consumption.
Urban parks as recreational areas in Beijing
China
Like many other cities, Beijing considers urban parks to be recreational areas that should be freely acces-sible to residents. They enjoy the natural environment (in an otherwise heavily built-up city), fresh air, and other offerings provided by the ecosystem. Open spaces for families to meet and engage in social activities make parks places of public health.
20.02.2025
Tax-financed service
The classic model is the tax-financed service. In this model, the administration is solely responsible for providing the service and gives it to citizens free of charge. Such service can fall into one of two sub-areas of the state: a) services that involve state power and (can) interfere with the freedom of the individual, orb) services provided by the state to residents and/or businesses within its sphere of influence. This ser-vice model is particularly suitable for those public goods for which individual nationals cannot or should not be excluded from consumption.
Covid-19 measures in New York
United States
In 2021, the City of New York spent just over $6 million in taxpayer funds on measures designated as a response to the Covid-19 crisis. Just over a quarter of that amount went to testing, tracing, and vaccina-tions. Another quarter went to homeless care and food deliveries for individuals unable to leave their homes. The added value for the services was provided by the city itself.
20.02.2025
Sell your network
The sell your network model profits from the state’s membership in a specific network. The state finds a way to let third parties participate in and sell these benefits.
Six-city strategy
Finland
When innovative companies seek to be located near or attracted as development partners, the size of the municipality with its basin and market volume can be decisive. Since they cannot achieve this size on their own, six Finnish cities joined together in 2014 to form a network offered to companies as partners.
20.02.2025
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