List of Service Models
Flat rate
With the flat rate model, the government levies a charge for a service that is fixed, regardless of the quanti-ty purchased. This is often referred to as a fixed-term subscription that allows unlimited con¬sumption of a certain service.
Disposal fees
Singapore
In Singapore, a monthly disposal fee is levied per residential unit, regardless of the actual amount of waste that needs to be disposed of from that unit. “The revised fees ensure that Singapore’s overall waste management system can operate sustainably,” writes the National Environment Agency, which is in charge of waste management. The fee is adjusted by political decision, based on the cost of disposal.
20.02.2025
Flat rate
With the flat rate model, the government levies a charge for a service that is fixed, regardless of the quanti-ty purchased. This is often referred to as a fixed-term subscription that allows unlimited con¬sumption of a certain service.
General railroad season ticket
Switzerland
In Switzerland, a “general season ticket” can be purchased for a fixed price, allowing for the use of all public transport throughout the country. This is intended to encourage commuters and other people who travel frequently to use public transport, because once you have such a season ticket every trip feels like it’s free, while driving a car involves additional costs.
20.02.2025
Crowdfunding
The crowdfunding model finances a specific public service through voluntary contributions from a large number of individuals or organizations (i.e., the crowd). As in the private sector, the starting point is often an awareness of the need for the service to be funded. There are now online platforms such as Kick-starter, Seedrs, and Indiegogo that can be used for government crowdfunding. In the literature, one often finds the English term “civic crowdfunding,” which is used in a government context.
Renewable energy investments
Scotland
The Scottish government is demonstrating that local developments can rely on financial support from the community. This is especially true on land and in forests owned by the government. This practice is commonly referred to as social investment, characterized by lower financial returns compared to alterna-tive options that align with sustainable principles.
20.02.2025
Crowdfunding
The crowdfunding model finances a specific public service through voluntary contributions from a large number of individuals or organizations (i.e., the crowd). As in the private sector, the starting point is often an awareness of the need for the service to be funded. There are now online platforms such as Kick-starter, Seedrs, and Indiegogo that can be used for government crowdfunding. In the literature, one often finds the English term “civic crowdfunding,” which is used in a government context.
Milano’s civic crowdfunding initiative
Italy
Since 2016, the municipality of Milano has been promoting the implementation of innovative projects of public interest with major social impacts. Concrete project proposals are determined through a selection process and put to tender via a crowdfunding platform. If the predefined funding target is reached, the city contributes the same amount again and the project is realized.
20.02.2025
Auction
With the auction model, the state sells its services to the highest bidder in an open competitive process. This is an uncommon scenario, as government services have fees, charges, and prices determined through political means.
Auction of confiscated assets
United States
Each year, approximately 300 public auctions are held in the United States and Puerto Rico to sell proper-ty that has been seized by the Internal Revenue Service due to violations of federal laws or non-payment of taxes. Instead of destroying the assets, public auctions can generate funds from which the government can maintain its operations.
20.02.2025
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